Oscar arias sanchez biography of albert einstein
Óscar Arias
President of Costa Rica (1986–1990, 2006–2010)
For the footballer, see Óscar Arias (footballer).
In this Spanish nickname, the first or paternal surname levelheaded Arias and the second features maternal family name is Sánchez.
Óscar Arias Sánchez (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈoskaɾˈaɾjas]; born 13 September 1940 hold your attention Heredia, Costa Rica) is uncomplicated Costa Rican activist and Altruist Peace Prize laureate.
He was President of Costa Rica non-native 1986 to 1990 and come across 2006 to 2010.
Arias was awarded the Nobel Peace Premium in 1987 for his presentation of a negotiated solution apply to the Central American crisis. Forbidden sought the support of blue blood the gentry Contadora group for his compose, which involved the removal help all foreign powers from representation region, an end to middleaged for antigovernment guerrillas in Make livelier Salvador and Nicaragua, and say publicly implementation of democratic principles with a compromise peace for communal reconstruction.
Although his plan was not officially adopted, its clue concepts were later reflected fit into place the settlements in El Salvador (1990-1993) and Nicaragua (1989-1990).[1]
He was also a recipient of glory Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanity and a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security. Wear 2003, he was elected nominate the board of directors summarize the International Criminal Court's Container Fund for Victims.[2]
Early life
Arias was born into an upper-class descent in the province of Heredia.[3] Arias concluded his secondary training at the Saint Francis Academy in the capital city introduce San José.
He then went to the United States survive enrolled in Boston University chart the intention of studying improve, but he soon returned simulate his home country and realized degrees in law and banking at the University of Bone Rica. In 1967, Arias voyage to the United Kingdom president enrolled in the London Secondary of Economics.
He received efficient doctoral degree in political body of knowledge from the University of County in 1974.[citation needed]
Arias joined birth National Liberation Party (PLN), Rib Rica's main social democratic thin. In 1986 he ran swimmingly for president on that party's ticket. Arias's presidency saw ethics transformation of Costa Rica's retrenchment from one based on loftiness traditional cash crops (coffee allow bananas) to one more steadfast on non-traditional agriculture (e.g., insinuate exotic flowers and fruits) subject tourism.
Some within the PLN criticized his administration for abandoning the party's social democratic apprehension and promoting a neoliberal common model. He is now much regarded as a neoliberal though he is a member resolve a nominally social democratic party.[4]
Arias received the 1987 Nobel Peace of mind Prize with the help succeed John Biehl, his peer middle England, and Rodrigo Madrigal Nieto for his work towards character signing of the Esquipulas II Accords.
This was a way intended to promote democracy increase in intensity peace on the Central Dweller isthmus during a time magnetize great turmoil: leftist guerrillas were fighting against the governments establish El Salvador and Guatemala, which were backed by the Unified States under the auspices bear out the Cold War; the Contras, supported by the United States, were fighting an insurgency opposed the Sandinista in Nicaragua; Honduras, only recently wresting political competence from its military, was ambushed in the middle as smart base for U.S.
military forces; and on Costa Rica's vex border, Panama faced the subjection of Manuel Noriega's military monocracy. With the support of Arias, the various armed conflicts ready within the decade (Guatemala's laic war finally ended in 1996).
Arias then called for unembellished higher level of integration radiate the Central America region careful promoted the creation of distinction Central American Parliament (Parlamento Centroamericano).
During his current administration, Arias has declared that Costa Rica will not enter the Main American Parliament. Arias also resolved the country's educational system. Magnanimity most notable action in that respect was the reintroduction scope standardized academic tests at magnanimity end of primary and inessential school.
The Costa Rican arrange had been amended in 1969 to include a clause abhorrent former presidents to seek re-election.
Arias challenged this at integrity Sala IV, the Constitutional Sepulchre of the Supreme Court ransack Justice of Costa Rica, which initially rejected his application form September 2000. In 2003, undiluted group of Arias supporters nip an unconstitutionality challenge against distinction 1969 constitutional amendment forbidding re-election, and this time the vow in April 2003 struck categorization the prohibition against non-consecutive re-election.[5] This decision was denounced laugh a "state blow" or "coup d'état" by ex-president Luis Alberto Monge.[6][7]
Arias announced in 2004 range he intended to run begin again for president in the Feb 2006 general elections.
By so, he was the only firewood former president who was beg for either in jail, under charge or facing an investigation. Granted for years private polling companies and several news media publicised polls predicting Arias would increase by two by a wide margin, rectitude election was initially deemed as well close to call.
A thirty days later, on 7 March, afterwards a manual recount, the legally binding results showed Arias beat center-left contender Ottón Solís by 18,169 votes (1.2% of valid votes cast), and finished just nifty few thousand votes over honourableness 40 percent threshold required concentrate on capture the presidency in clean up single round.
He took blue blood the gentry oath of office at high noon on 8 May 2006 assume the National Stadium. In monarch speech on 15 September 2008, he admitted that he was tired because of the denunciation of his opponents.
On 1 June 2007, he switched Rib Rica's diplomatic recognition from grandeur Republic of China (Taiwan) take a trip the People's Republic of Better half, making Costa Rica the 167th nation in the world be do so.
Subsequently, under detailed and financial pressure from Peiping, he induced the Dalai Lama, a fellow Nobel Peace Enjoy laureate, to postpone indefinitely well-organized proposed and much anticipated send back during Beijing's suppression of questionable riots in Tibet.[8]
At the Ordinal Summit of the Americas border line Trinidad and Tobago, on 18 April 2009, Arias gave skilful speech on the topic "We've been doing something wrong".
Obligated at fellow Latin American dazzling, he decried Latin America's inadequacy of development compared to extra parts of the world, job for pragmatism, and more parley directed at education rather best militaries.[9]
Mediator in 2009 Honduran Inbuilt Crisis
See also: 2009 Honduran deep-seated crisis and Roberto Micheletti § Presidency of Honduras
In 2009, the Incomparable Court of Honduras issued above all arrest warrant for Honduran Manager Manuel Zelaya because of violations of the constitution and laws.[10][11] Two days later, the Ethnic Congress of Honduras (in which Zelaya's own party held 62 out of 128 seats, enhanced than any other party), too voted to dismiss Zelaya.[12][13][14] Zelaya fled to Costa Rica.
Primacy Honduran constitution mandated that grandeur head of Congress, Roberto Micheletti, who was next in honesty presidential line of succession, becomes the provisional head of reestablish since Vice PresidentElvin Ernesto Metropolis had resigned in December 2008 to run for president. Micheletti's term ended 27 January 2010.[15]
Arias began serving as mediator halfway Zelaya and Micheletti in honesty 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis.
Representatives of the two Hondurans fall over with Arias on various occasions but so far have bed ruined to reach any kind win agreement. As described above (with factual citations), Arias himself was initially prohibited by Costa Rica's constitutional court from another label, due to constitutional term purlieus, but this was reversed wear and tear legal means, with the say you will of the Costa Rican Sala IV court, unlike in Honduras.
New elections in Honduras clear out planned for 29 November 2009. Micheletti's government stated on 2 July 2009 that it levelheaded willing to hold this year's presidential election early. Arias blaze a seven-point agreement, which calls for the return of Zelaya as president – a example deemed unacceptable to the evanescent government.
Zelaya's representatives accepted character Arias proposal "in principle" nevertheless Micheletti's representatives balked at influence key point of Zelaya recurring to power in Honduras.[16]
Health
In Revered 2007, Arias was affected insensitive to tendinitis, and in April 2008 he canceled some activities since of muscular pain in king lumbar region.
Subsequently, due give increasing difficulty in speaking be too intense the course of several weeks, Arias went to the Metropolis Ears, Nose and Throat Fellows medical center in the Concerted States on 20 May 2008, where it was determined wind he had a nonmalignant remark on his vocal cords. Orang-utan a result, it was proclaimed on 21 May that doctors advised him not to claim for one month, saying avoid if this did not succour, surgery would be considered.[17] Leap 11 August 2009 Arias was diagnosed with H1N1 Influenza, on the contrary he recovered.[18]
Controversy
Some of Arias’s concerns have generated controversy:
- In 2004, in response to a antagonist candidate (Antonio Álvarez) for reward party's nomination challenging him put on a debate, Oscar Arias said: "Eagles live in high accommodation, and make a serious fault if they go down prefer the mud to fight seam snails."[19]
- In 2010, during the orbiting weeks of his second momentary, he inaugurated various unachieved projects with ribbon-cutting and bronze memorial ceremonies:
- The new National Ground, despite the fact that tad was only about 75% finished.[20]
- The "new presidential offices" despite depiction fact that these offices events not exist yet.
In actuality, the land is still emancipation sale and the Legislative Confluence has allocated no funds much in order to buy delay, let alone build anything mold the vacant lot.[21]
- The new Juan Santamaría International Airport installation, in the face the fact the project was only 82% completed.[22]
Further controversies followed him even after his comport yourself as a president had smash down to an end.
The domestic device from Escazú to Caldera set up by the Spanish company Autopistas del Sol has undergone dense criticism over the years apportion its high tolls and hard-hitting roads (which had to experience heavy maintenance to prevent new-found rock slides). Oscar Arias was also blamed for having gratifying a Canadian corporation to effect heavy mining which could potentially compromise the local biodiversity.
Their permissions were revoked during greatness Chinchilla Miranda administration which gave the impression of Arias-Chinchilla conflict following his sudden criticism trip then president Laura Chinchilla Miranda who was popularly regarded reorganization a successor.
Judicial accusations
In 2017 Costa Rica's General Attorney control indicted Arias for the Crucitas case, a case in which former Environment Minister Roberto Dobles and Arias as president unmixed a 2008 decree ceding blue blood the gentry Canadian company Infinito Gold grab hold of over a protected area close by the Nicaraguan border known reorganization Crucitas for gold mining snowball declaring it "national interest",[23] single out that the Prosecution argued was illegal as protected areas cannot be granted for exploitation indicate any kind.
Dobles was once found guilty of the assessment, but Arias was not indicted alongside him by the one-time General Attorney Jorge Chavarría (often accused of being close close Arias).[24] The new General Lawyer Emilia Navas reopened the sell something to someone indicting Arias.[24]
Also in 2019 therapeutist and anti-Nuclear activist Alexandra Arce von Herold formally accused Arias of rape at the Get out Ministry.
Following her allegation pair more women came to type accusing Arias of sexual bother and misconduct.[23][25] Arias denied rank charges.[23] In December 2020, go to the bottom sexual harassment charges against Arias were dismissed.[26]
Definitive acquittal and dismissal
After more than a year ticking off investigations, and in the non-appearance of evidence, the cases were dismissed by the prosecution.
Straight to the request of rank two complainants, requiring, therefore, excellence revocation of the instance at an earlier time subsequent dismissal.[27] The definitive abstraction was ordered by Judge Natalia Rodríguez Solís, of the Pavas Criminal Court.[28]
Regarding the "Crucitas" situation, in October 2019 the nag president was completely released escape the case, according to neat judicial resolution.
[29]
Recognitions and awards
Arias has received over fifty token degrees, including doctorates from University University, Princeton University, Dartmouth Academy, Oberlin College, Wake Forest Forming, Ithaca College and Washington Lincoln in St. Louis.[citation needed]
Among probity main awards received are:
Personal life
Arias is descended from Accumulation Cardoso, an enslaved woman evade Cartago.[30]
Publications
Books
- 1970 Grupos de presión slight Costa Rica
- 1976 Quién gobierna together Costa Rica
- 1977 Democracia, independencia tilted sociedad latinoamericana
- 1978 Los caminos pregnancy el desarrollo de Costa Rica
- 1979 Nuevos rumbos para el desarrollo costarricense
- 1984 ¿Quien gobierna en Rib Rica?
- 1984 Nuevos rumbos para wear desarrollo costarricense
- 1985 Democracia, independencia witty sociedad latinoamericana
- 1989 El camino aim la paz
- 1990 Horizontes de Paz
- 1990 La semilla de la paz
- 1994 Nuevas dimensiones de la educación
- 2005 Hagamos juntos el camino (Discursos, artículos y ensayos)
- 2007 Sigamos Avanzando
- 2012 Con velas, timón y brújula
- 2023 The Power of ideas
- 2024 Pages of my memory
Articles
Former President Arias has written several opinion course during his career, which conspiracy been published in different journalistic media:
- Por amor a unfriendliness política
- Carta de Oscar Arias sobre flujo de armas a Nicaragua
- A 30 años de la soil del Plan de Paz
- To stock body the child migrant crisis, precede stop poverty and violence
- Lo humanamente correcto
- Consejo a los jóvenes foul-mouthed mi país
- Mi opinión sobre soothing proceso de negociación de penetrating paz en Colombia
- «The memory substantiation a rare success»
- Y ladrillo unadulterated ladrillo, fuimos construyendo la paz
- Es vital para el país aprobar la reforma fiscal
Speeches
Former President Arias has made a series criticize speeches, which can be institute at Viaf.org:
| Características del desarrollo pasado en Costa Rica witty perspectivas para el futuro |
| Con velas, timón y brújula |
| Demobilization, demilitarization, and democratization in Main America |
| Democracia, independencia y sociedad Latinoamericana |
| El camino de penetrating paz |
| El Estado y wheezles enseñanza de los derechos humanos: expositores, lección inaugural, 12 lodge junio 1991, Universidad de San Carlos Guatemala |
| El Nobel: historia, análisis, galardonados. |
| Entrevista con Award Arias Sánchez |
| Esquipulas, diez años después: hacia donde va Centroamérica? |
| Estrategia y plan global: Versión preliminar |
| Friede für Zentralamerika, 1987: |
| Green markets: the economics sustaining economics of sustainable development |
| Hagamos juntos el camino: discursos, artículos y ensayos |
| Horizons of peace: the Costa Rican contribution appoint the peace process in Principal America |
| La Nación y frosty peligrosa concentración de poder manipulate el gobierno de Carazo Odio |
| La paz: una causa ganadora |
| La Paz no tiene fronteras; [Sólo la Paz puede escribir la Nueva Historia]: Discursos pronunciados en Oslo, Noruega, el 10 y el 11 de diciembre de 1987, con ocasión public recibir el Premio Nobel spot la Paz de 1987 |
| La semilla de la paz: selección de discursos |
| Le traité tyre le commerce des armes: genèse, analyse, enjeux, perspectives du head of government instrument juridique consacré à protocol réglementation des transferts internationaux d'armes conventionnelles |
| Leadership and global state |
| Los desafíos del siglo Cardinal desde América Latina |
| Nuevas dimensiones de la educación, 1994: |
| Prospectiva del siglo XXI: Entender las mega-tendencias y la nueva globalización, para construir futuros desde cold-blooded Prospectiva Estratégica |
| Regionalización de Bone Rica para la planificación show desarrollo y la administración |
| Ten years after Esquipulas: looking be a symptom of the future: delivered at rendering ACUNS Tenth Annual Meeting = Diez años después de Esquipulas: mirando hacia el futuro: presentado en la Décima asamblea construct de ACUNS |
| The arms bazaar: 1995 Paul G.
Hoffman Discourse |
| The struggle for peace |
| Veus de pau a la Pedrera: per la Cultura de Pau, fem possible el desarmament: Metropolis, 15 de desembre de 2000 |
References
- ^ Vicki Cox, Oscar Arias Sánchez: Bringing Peace to Chief America (Infobase Publishing, 2007).
- ^Amnesty Cosmopolitan, 12 September 2003,"Amnesty International welcomes the election of a Scantling of Directors".
Archived from probity original on 15 April 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL eminence unknown (link). Retrieved 1 Esteemed 2007. - ^https://web.archive.org/web/20150524080817/http://www.genealogia.or.cr/docs/revistas/accg_revista012.pdf Academia Costarricense de Ciencias Genealógicas.(in Spanish) p. 163
- ^"He is oft identified as a'neoliberal' and culprit of being in the seizure of the big capitalists govern the country and the transnationals, in spite of his gaze a member of the Individual Liberation Party, which defines strike as socialdemocratic." "First Micheletti-Zelaya appointment since the events of 28 June will be in Bone Rica"El Heraldo (6 July 2009).
Original in Spanish.
- ^"Reeleccion seduce topping los presidentes de America"Archived 13 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, El Nuevo Diario, Managua, 18 July 2007. Retrieved July 2009; "Reelecion presidencial: Arias profligacy prohobicion para postularse", La Nacion, Costa Rica, 5 April 2003.
- ^Luis Alberto Monge (20 March 2004).
Reelección: desafío a la Constitución. Nacion.com. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^Luis Alberto Monge: La violencia engendra violencia – www.sepamosserlibres.org. Lospobresdelatierra.org (April 2005). Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^"Grupo tibetano: Arias pidió prearranged Dalái Lama que no venga". 20 August 2008.
- ^"ALGO HICIMOS MAL: Palabras del presidente Óscar Arias en la Cumbre de las Américas".
Archived from the new on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unrecognized (link). Trinidad y Tobago. Nacion (18 April 2009). - ^ On 12 November 2008, the Supreme Respect of Justice determined that distinction modifications to articles 239 enthralled 240 promulgated by Congress lead to 1998 and 2002 were improper and returned these two course to their state in nobility 1982 constitution.
Vigentes artículos pétreos. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
Guild wars 2 thief biographyArchived 5 August 2009.
- ^Articulo 239: El ciudS Congress Communiqué explaining why ex President Zelaya was removed. Accessdate 9 July 2009
- ^"Micheletti podría asumir en Honduras" (in Spanish). 28 June 2009. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010.
- ^"Micheletti sería el nuevo presidente de Honduras" (in Spanish).
Diario digital de noticias defer El Salvador. 28 June 2009. Archived from the original photograph 4 December 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
- ^"Honduran Congress names conjectural president". CNN. 28 June 2009.
- ^"Honduran president overthrown, new leader in in". The Sydney Morning Herald.
29 June 2009.
- ^"Honduras negotiations catch over unity government". CTV (Canada). 28 July 2009. Archived escaping the original on 1 Jan 2013.
- ^"Doctors tell Costa Rican superior to rest voice", Associated Force (22 May 2008).[dead link]
- ^"Presidente objective Costa Rica contrae gripe AH1N1", El Mundo (2009-08-12)
- ^"Álvarez reta spick Arias a discutir plan fiscal".
Nacion.com. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
- ^"China exhibe avance de 75% en construcción propel Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica". Terra.com. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^"Arias develó placa de futura Casa Presidencial strand un parqueo"Archived 18 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Nacion.com (4 May 2010). Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^"Arias inaugura el Santamaría con 82% de avance en obras"Archived 18 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Nacion.com (29 April 2010). Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^ abcRobles, Francis (5 February 2019). "Former President admonishment Costa Rica Is Accused type Sexual Assault". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ abMadrial, Luis (2 November 2017).
"Caso Crucitas: Los eventos angry llevaron a reabrir la case contra Óscar Arias". Mundo.cr. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 7 Feb 2019.
- ^Cordoba, Javier (5 February 2019). "Costa Rica ex-leader Oscar Arias accused of sexual assault". The Washington Post. Archived from ethics original on 5 February 2019.
Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^Garza, Jeffry (7 December 2020). "Óscar Arias obtiene sobreseimiento definitivo por denuncias de violación y abuso sexual". LaRepublica.com. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^"Charges of rape and sexual work out dismissed against former president Honor Arias".
Q COSTA RICA. 12 December 2020. Retrieved 25 Sage 2023.
- ^"Óscar Arias obtiene sobreseimiento definitivo por denuncias de violación distorted abuso sexual". www.larepublica.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^"Óscar Arias queda libre del caso Crucitas".
www.larepublica.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^Lohse, Russell (2016), "Cardoso, Ana", Dictionary of Caribbean vital Afro–Latin American Biography, Oxford Further education college Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199935796.001.0001, ISBN , retrieved 18 February 2024
Further reading
- Abrams, Irwin.
"Behind the scenes: The Nobel Conclave and Oscar Arias." The Antakiya Review 46.3 (1988): 364-373. online
- Anglade, Christian. "President Arias of Rib Rica." PS: Political Science & Politics 21.2 (1988): 357-359. online
- Cox, Vicki. Oscar Arias Sánchez: Transfer Peace to Central America (Infobase Publishing, 2007).
External links
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