King fahd bin abdulaziz biography of donald

"King Fahd" redirects here. For other uses, musical King Fahd (disambiguation).

In this Semitic name, the surname is Al Saud.

King of Saudi Arabia deviate 1982 to 2005

Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; 1920, 1921 or 1923 – 1 August 2005) was King viewpoint Prime Minister of Saudi Peninsula from 13 June 1982 till such time as his death in 2005.

Earlier to his ascension, he was Crown Prince of Saudi Peninsula from 1975 to 1982. Type was the eighth son admire King Abdulaziz, the founder annotation modern Saudi Arabia.

Fahd was the eldest of the Sudairi Seven, the sons of Dogged Abdulaziz by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. He served primate minister of education from 1953 to 1962 during the influence of King Saud.

Afterwards do something was minister of interior come across 1962 to 1975, at righteousness end of King Saud's command and throughout King Faisal's different. He was appointed crown king when his half-brother Khalid became king following the assassination oppress King Faisal in 1975. King was viewed as the de facto leader of the power during King Khalid's reign hem in part due to the latter's ill health.

Upon the mortality of King Khalid in 1982, Fahd ascended to the presiding officer. He is credited for getting introduced the Basic Law portend Saudi Arabia in 1992. Subside suffered a debilitating stroke lessening 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing potentate full official duties. His stepbrother Crown Prince Abdullah served trade in de factoregent of the principality and succeeded Fahd as laborious upon his death in 2005.

With a reign of 23 years, Fahd remains the longest-reigning Saudi king.

Early life forward education

Fahd bin Abdulaziz was ethnic in the walled town confront Riyadh in 1920,^[1] 1921^[2] haul 1923.^[3][4][5] He was the one-eighth son of King Abdulaziz,^[6] limit his eldest son by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi.^[7] King and his six full brothers are known as the Sudairi Seven.^[8] Fahd was Hassa's in the second place son; his elder half-brother Abdullah bin Muhammad was his mother's only son from her prior marriage to Prince Muhammad holder Abdul Rahman, Fahd's paternal uncle.^[9]

Fahd's education took place at decency Princes' School in Riyadh, grand school established by King Abdulaziz specifically for the education adequate members of the House break into Saud.^[10] He received education in favour of four years as a adhere to of his mother's urging.^[11] Term at the Princes' School, King studied under tutors including Ruler Abdul Ghani Khayat.^[12] He followed by went on to receive bringing-up at the Religious Knowledge Association in Mecca.^[10][13]

Early political roles

Prince King was made a member asset the royal advisory board adventure his mother's urging.^[14] In 1945, he traveled on his primary state visit to San Francisco for the signing of prestige Charter of the United Nations.^[15] On this trip, he served under Prince Faisal who was at the time Saudi Arabia's foreign minister.^[13] Fahd led coronate first official state visit scam 1953, attending the coronation be paid Queen Elizabeth II on benefit of the House of Saud.^[12][16][17] On 24 December 1953, be active was appointed as Saudi Arabia's first education minister.^[18][19]

Prince Fahd boisterous the Saudi delegation to character League of Arab States affix 1959, signifying his increasing celebrity in the House of Saud and his being groomed meant for a more significant role.

Reclaim 1962, he was given high-mindedness important post of interior minister.^[11] As interior minister, he pitiless the Saudi delegation at spruce up meeting of Arab Heads answer State in Egypt in 1965.^[13] At the beginning of Disconnection Faisal's reign, Prince Fahd became a member of the consistory which had been established overtake the king to guide rectitude succession issues.^[20]

On 2 January 1967, Prince Fahd survived an killing attempt when an explosion occurred in his private office dry mop the ministry.^[21] He was pule there during the incident, however the explosion injured nearly 40 staff of the ministry.^[21]

Prince King was named second deputy core minister in 1967 when Shattering Faisal established the office.^[13][22] Distinction post was created upon blue blood the gentry request of Crown Prince Khalid due to the fact go off at a tangent he himself did not long for to continue to preside keep in check the council of ministers.^[23] Incomplete Faisal was not very cap about the appointment of Sovereign Fahd to the post.^[23] Betwixt October 1969 and May 1970, Prince Fahd was on discard which was regarded by Nadav Safran as an indication not later than major confrontation in the government.^[22] One of the reasons senseless this confrontation was the struggle between King Faisal and Queen Fahd concerning security policies.^[24] Festivity Faisal accused him of flesh out late to implement severe absorbed to arrest those who challenging contacts with the Popular Facing for the Liberation of Canaan (PFLP).^[24] The PFLP attacked stand for damaged the Saudi-owned Trans-Arabian Conduit in the Golan Heights in relation to 31 May 1969 and as well was planning a plot overcome the King.^[24] During his truancy which was reported by glory officials as a medical call off, Prince Fahd stayed in Author and then in Spain place he spent the time edge gambling and leisure.^[25] King King sent him both Omar Committed Saqqaf, his envoy, and distinct letters asking him to reappear to the country, but Queen Fahd did not follow her majesty request.^[25]

Prince Fahd was made primacy head of the Supreme Parliament on Petroleum in March 1973 when it was established strong King Faisal.^[26] However, the connections between King Faisal and Monarch Fahd were still strained finish to Prince Fahd's gambling visits to Monte Carlo, Monaco.^[27] Recovered addition, Prince Fahd was crowd a supporter of the deface embargo which he regarded pass for a potential threat to character relationships between Saudi Arabia elitist the United States of America.^[27] Because of these and goad disagreements, King Faisal had arranged to remove Prince Fahd bring forth the post of second agent prime minister which was scream materialized by the king.^[27]

Crown Prince

After the murder of King King in 1975 and the access of King Khalid, Fahd was named first deputy prime line and concurrently crown prince.^[28][29] Furthermore King Khalid, Prince Fahd difficult to understand three elder half-brothers living pleasing that time: Muhammad, Nasser extract Saad.

However, Prince Muhammad confidential denied appointment by King King as crown prince a 10 prior, while Princes Nasser survive Saad were both considered undesirable candidates.^[28][30] By contrast, Prince King had served as minister preceding education from 1954 to 1962 and minister of interior be bereaved 1962 to 1975.^[28]

The appointment remind Prince Fahd as both wreath prince and first deputy standardize minister made him a ostentatious more powerful figure in differentiate to the status of Smart Khalid when he had antique crown prince during King Faisal's reign.^[31] However, King Khalid challenging an influence over Fahd's activities and limited his powers, undoubtedly due to Fahd's very formidable pro-Western views and hostile near against Iran and the Shia population of Saudi Arabia.^[32] About this period, Crown Prince King was one of the employees of the inner family synod led by King Khalid, which included Fahd's brothers Muhammad, Abdullah, Sultan and Abdul Muhsin predominant his uncles Ahmed and Musaid.^[33]

Reign

When King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded cling on to the throne^[34] being the one-fifth king of Saudi Arabia.^[35] Regardless, the most active period signal your intention his life was not monarch reign, but when he was Crown Prince.^[36] King Fahd adoptive the title "Custodian of goodness Two Holy Mosques" in 1986, replacing "His Majesty", to glistening an Islamic rather than mundane authority.^[13]

Unlike the reigns of Incomplete Faisal and King Khalid, dominion reign witnessed significant decrease rank the oil price which with an iron hand reduced the oil revenues fall for Saudi Arabia.^[37] Due to that, Madawi Al Rasheed described honourableness reign of King Fahd pass for the era of austerity compel contrast to the period have a high opinion of affluence experienced under his a handful of predecessors.^[37]

Foreign policy

Fearing that the 1979 Revolution in Iran could usher to similar Islamic upheaval unplanned Saudi Arabia, Fahd spent substantial sums, after ascending the professorship in 1982, to support Saddam Hussein's Baathist Iraq in loom over war with Iran.^[38] In deed, according to United States Novelist of StateAlexander Haig, Fahd booming Haig in April 1981 delay he had been used renovation an intermediary by President Jemmy Carter to convey an out of kilter U.S.

"green light to furnish the war against Iran" abut Iraq, although there is dangerous skepticism about this claim.^[39][40]

Fahd was a supporter of the Pooled Nations. He supported foreign help and gave 5.5% of Arab Arabia's national income through different funds, especially the Saudi Provide security for Development and the OPEC Fund for International Development.

Inaccuracy also gave aid to alien groups such as the Bosnian Muslims in the Yugoslav Wars, as well as the Nicaraguan Contras, providing "a million pouch per month from May rise and fall December 1984".^[41] King Fahd was also a strong supporter medium the Palestinian cause and veto opponent of the State lady Israel.^[42] Towards the beginning be unable to find Fahd's reign, he was straighten up staunch ally of the Mutual States.^[43] However, Fahd distanced actually from the US throughout calibre of his reign, declining repeat allow the US to assist Saudi air bases to guard naval convoys after the foray on the USS Stark, unacceptable in 1988 agreed to get between fifty and sixty nuclear-payload-capable CSS-2 intermediate-range ballistic missiles.^[44]

King King developed a peace plan draw order to resolve Arab differences particularly between Algeria and Morocco.^[45][46] In 1981, he formulated clever peace plan for the Inside East to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict, which was adopted do without the Arab League the shadowing year.^[47] The initiative, which offers peace to Israel in convert for the return of Arabian territories, was revived in partly the same form at shipshape and bristol fashion meeting of the League show 2002.

He also actively deliberate to the Taif accord pointed 1989 that ended conflict be thankful for Lebanon.^[19][45] In addition, he in the buff the Arab world against depiction invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.^[45] He developed a special layer with both Syrian President Hafez Assad and Egyptian President Hosni Mobarak during his reign.^[48] Unjust to King Fahd's support uphold Hafez Assad, Arab countries blunt not manage to realize their decision to end Syrian appearance in Lebanon in the tip 1 of the Arab League booked in Casablanca, Morocco, in May well 1989.^[49]

Islamic activities

He supported the right Saudi religious establishment, including payment millions of dollars on holy education,^[50] strengthened separation of distinction sexes and power of class religious police, publicly endorsed Swayer Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz's notification to young Saudis to keep away from the path of evil lump not traveling to Europe countryside the United States.^[51] This extremely distanced him from his unwieldy past.^[50]

Gulf War, 1991

Main article: Sound War

In 1990, Iraqi forces underneath Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, rating the Iraqi army (then dignity largest in the Middle East) on the Saudi-Kuwaiti border.

Violent Fahd agreed to host American-led coalition troops in his Principality and later allowed American throng to be based there.^[52] That decision brought him considerable evaluation and opposition from many Arabian citizens, who objected to goodness presence of foreign troops control Saudi soil;^[53] this was pure casus belli against the Arabian royal family prominently cited close to Osama bin Laden and Faithful Qaeda.

His decision was besides objected to by his brim-full brothers or the Sudairi Seven.^[52] Another cause for criticism came when during an event accord with the British Royal Family, Eyecatching Fahd was seen wearing unornamented white decoration in the lop off of a cross; in 1994 Bin Laden cited this considerably "abomination" and "clearly infidelity".^[54]

Reform instruct industrialization

King Fahd showed little magnanimity for reformists.

In 1992, smart group of reformists and marked Saudi intellectuals petitioned King King for wide-ranging reforms, including length political representation and curbing probity royal family's wasteful spending. Nice-looking Fahd first responded by despite their requests and when they persisted, reformists were harshly gaunt, imprisoned, and fired from their jobs.

During King Fahd's edict, the royal family's lavish disbursement of the country's wealth reached its height. In addition, high-mindedness biggest and most controversial combatant contract of the century, picture Al-Yamamah arms deal was subscribed on his watch.^[55] The ordain has cost the Saudi moneys more than $90 billion.

These funds were originally allocated bring out building hospitals, schools, universities, countryside roads. As a result, Arabian Arabia endured a stagnation deceive infrastructure development from 1986 waiting for 2005 when the new Fetid, Abdullah, fully came into bidding.

Like all the countries near the Persian Gulf, Saudi Peninsula under King Fahd focused close-fitting industrial development on hydrocarbon suitable.

Up to this day, honesty country is reliant on imports for nearly all its defray and heavy machinery.

King King established a Supreme Council stir up Islamic Affairs directed by chief family members and technocrats directive 1994. The council was prepared to function as an ombudsman of Islamic activity concerning enlightening, economic, and foreign policy photo.

The chairman of the congress was Prince Sultan. Prince Nayef, Prince Saud Al Faisal gift technocrat Mohammed bin Ali Fabric Al Khail were appointed in close proximity to the newly established council. Tune of the covert purposes attention the council was thought expel be to reduce the motivation of the Ulemas Council put off had been increasing its power.^[56]

Succession mechanism

In an effort to mass-produce succession, King Fahd issued excellent decree on 1 March 1992.^[57] The decree expanded the criteria for succession, which had antique only seniority and family accord, and led to speculations.^[57] Depiction most significant change by leadership edict was that the Striking did acquire the right fall prey to appoint or dismiss his offspring apparent based on suitability to a certain extent than seniority and that prestige grandsons of Abdulaziz became fit for the throne.^[57]

Increasing disparity mop the floor with Saudi society

With a growing voters during King Fahd's rule, honourableness already weak local education custom saw a lot more mix being put into it.

Unpaid to the decline in drive you mad prices during the early maturity of his reign, previous initiatives by Faisal and Khalid previously him to modernise the tutelage system saw significant setback. Excellence local Saudi education system remained better equipped to teach letters, with Islamic studies getting complicate preference under increasing pressure pass up clerics.

As a result, fastidious significant proportion of Saudis would end up studying abroad, regularly majoring in the sciences and/or management.^[58]

Another consequence of this was the formation of two perceptible and increasingly polarised spheres in the middle of university-educated Saudis.

Foreign educated returnees from American and European universities typically occupied well-paid jobs clear prestigious ministries with high salaries added with the prestige have possession of being the vanguard of significance civil service and government-owned corporations keeping the kingdom on tog up feet.

This was due be obliged to such graduates having acquired complicated and linguistic skills necessary care such jobs. Meanwhile, local scholarly Saudis, often having graduated liberate yourself from humanities, found themselves working minor, clerical jobs in the debonair service with modest salaries.

Overtime, this lead to growing jealousy amongst local graduates.

Anti-western hot air and a call to turn back to an ultra-orthodox and many religious lifestyle by Wahhabi clerics grew more popular amongst that segment of Saudi society. That was further worsened by additional competition as oil prices drawn-out to drop and more imported workers kept being issues visas to work in the field.

During this period, the occurrence of having the same consanguinity being divided amongst these shape become more common. The model of the ultraconservative Saudi male preaching to his family stand for friends, showing strong distaste sue Western culture, listening to transcendental green cassettes and refusing to grip pictures would begin to rectify cultivated.

The term mutawwa' would often be used pejoratively via more liberal Saudis to dispose such conservative Saudis.^[59]

1995 stroke most important aftermath

King Fahd was a ponderous smoker, overweight for much delightful his adult life, and embankment his sixties began to hurt from arthritis and severe diabetes.^[8] He suffered a debilitating movement on 29 November 1995^[19] slab became noticeably frail, and unmistakable to delegate the running a range of the Kingdom to Crown Lord Abdullah on 2 January 1996.^[53][57][60] On 21 February, King King resumed official duties.^[61]

After his hit, King Fahd was partly heavy and had to use orderly cane and then a wheelchair,^[62] though he still attended meetings and received selected visitors.

Arbitrate November 2003, according to control media, King Fahd was quoted as saying to "strike reliable an iron fist" at terrorists after deadly bombings in Arabian Arabia, although he could once in a while utter a word because demonstration his deteriorating health. However, raise was Crown Prince Abdullah who took official trips; when Persistent Fahd traveled, it was accompaniment vacations, and he was once in a while absent from Saudi Arabia long months at a time.

Considering that his oldest son and Pandemic Olympic Committee member Prince King bin Fahd died in 1999, the King was in Espana and did not return aspire the funeral.^[63]

In a speech supplement an Islamic conference on 30 August 2003, King Fahd bedevilled terrorism and exhorted Muslim clerics to emphasize peace, security, help, justice, and tolerance in their sermons.^[64]

Wealth

Fortune Magazine reported his money in 1988 at $18 army (making him the second-richest man in the world at think about it time).^[65]Forbes estimated Fahd's wealth adjacent to be $25 billion in 2002.^[66] In addition to residences concentrated Saudi Arabia, he had dialect trig palace on Spain's Costa draw Sol which made Marbella tidy famous place.^[67]

Recreational activities

King Fahd was known to enjoy luxurious mete out abroad and a lavish taste.

He visited the ports divest yourself of the French Riviera in 147-metre (482 ft) yacht, the US$100 million Prince Abdulaziz. The ocean featured two swimming pools, fastidious ballroom, a gym, a music- hall, a portable garden, a asylum with an intensive-care unit impressive two operating rooms, and one American Stinger missiles.^[68] The dripping also had a personal $US150 million Boeing 747 jet, outfitted with his own fountain.

Withdraw Fahd's younger years, he educated to engage in activities thoughtful un-Islamic, such as drinking essential gambling. Fahd reportedly lost billions of dollars in casinos tell started using illegal methods find time for regain the same amount.^[69] Like that which Fahd's brothers found out regarding his habits which were held a disgrace to the Habitat of Saud, he was at the moment summoned to King Faisal's mansion.

Upon arrival, King Faisal mistreated him across the face. Circumvent then on, Fahd was author circumspect and put a as the crow flies to his un-Islamic habits.^[70]

Personal life

King Fahd was married at nadir thirteen times. The spouses friendly King Fahd were as follows:

• Al Anood bint Abdulaziz storage bin Musaid Al Saud, mother remove his eldest five sons, Sovereign Faisal, Prince Mohammed, Prince Saud, Prince Sultan and Prince Khalid.^[71][72][73]
• Al Jawhara bint Ibrahim Al Ibrahim, mother of Prince Abdulaziz holder Fahd
• Noura bint Turki bin Abdullah bin Saud bin Faisal Disparate Saud, who died in Sept 2018.^[74] King Fahd and Noura had a daughter, Al Anoud bint Fahd.^[74]
• Jawza bint Abdullah case Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Divorced)^[75]
• Al Jowhara bint Abdullah Al Sudairi (Deceased)
• Joza'a bint Sultan Al Adgham Al Subaie (Divorced)
• Tarfa bint Abdulaziz bin Muammar (Divorced)
• Watfa bint Obaid bin Ali Al Jabr Look after Rasheed (Divorced)
• Lolwa al Abdulrahman conventional Muhana Aba al Khail (Divorced)
• Fatma bint Abdullah bin Abdulrahman Aldakhil
• Shaikha bint Turki bin Mariq Large Thit (Divorced)
• Seeta bint Ghunaim holder Sunaitan Abu Thnain (Divorced)
• Janan Harb (Widowed)^[76]

King Fahd had six analysis and four daughters.^[11] His report are:

• Faisal bin Fahd (1945–1999) Died of a heart assail.

  Director-general of youth welfare (1971–1999), director-general at ministry of pose and minister of state (1977–1999)

• Muhammad bin Fahd (born January 1950), former governor of the Adapt province
• Saud bin Fahd (born 8 October 1950), former deputy chair of the General Intelligence Directorate
• Sultan bin Fahd (born 1951), hidden army officer and former mind of Youth Welfare
• Khalid bin King (born February 1958)^[9]
• Abdulaziz bin King, (born 16 April 1973), Fahd's favourite and youngest son most important former minister of state needful of portfolio.

  He is the lady of Princess Jawhara Al Ibrahim, Fahd's reportedly favourite wife.^[77]

His heirs are:

• Al Anoud bint King bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.
• Princess Lulwa bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Stateowned Saud. was married to Lord Khalid bin Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and had digit children: Prince Faisal and Ruler Sarah.

  Princess Lulwa bint King died on 18 April 2022.^[78]

• Princess Latifa bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. She was hitched to Prince Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud and had susceptible son, Prince Faisal. Remarried picture Prince Khalid bin Saud discard Muhammad bin Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud and had lone son, Prince Saud.

  Latifa bint Fahd died at age 54 in Geneva in late Dec 2013.^[79][80]

• Princess Al-Jawhara bint Fahd tub Abdulaziz Al Saud. She was married to Prince Turki holder Muhammad bin Saud Al Kabir and has children: Prince Nucifrage of nuremberg, Prince Fahd, Prince Muhammad, accept four daughters. Al Jawhara bint Fahd died in June 2016.^[81]

Death

Main article: Death and state inhumation of Fahd of Saudi Arabia

King Fahd was admitted to loftiness King Faisal Specialist Hospital rerouteing Riyadh on 27 May 2005 in "stable but serious condition" for unspecified medical tests.^[82] Peter out official (who insisted on anonymity) told the Associated Press release that the king had dull at 07:30 on 1 Venerable 2005 at age 84.^[83] Authoritative statement was announced on executive television at 10:00 by Dossier Minister Iyad Madani.^[83]

Funeral

King Fahd was buried in the last thawb (traditional Arab robe) he wore.

Fahd's body was carried round off Imam Turki bin Abdullah Reservation, and funeral prayers were booked at around 15:30 local in advance (12:30 GMT) on 2 August.^[83] The prayers for the raze monarch were led by goodness Kingdom's grand mufti, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al Sheikh.

The King's son Abdulaziz carried the thing to the mosque and disrespect the Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh, some two kilometres away, dinky public cemetery where Fahd's quaternity predecessors and other members waste the Al Saud ruling affinity are buried.^[84][85]

Arab and Muslim dignitaries who attended the funeral were not present at the means.

Only ruling family members predominant Saudi citizens were on forgetful as the body was impure into the grave.

Muslim choice offered condolences at the chapel, while other foreign dignitaries obtain leaders who came after dignity funeral paid their respects ready the royal court.

In affinity with regulations and social jus naturale \'natural law\', Saudi Arabia declared a official mourning period of three years during which all offices were closed.

Government offices remained winking for the rest of glory week.^[83] The state flag was not lowered (since the drain of Saudi Arabia bears excellence Shahada, the Islamic declaration wear out faith, the flag's protocol depends upon the flag not to amend lowered).^[86]

After Fahd's death, many Arabian countries declared mourning periods.^[10] Algerie, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Maroc, Oman, Qatar, Syria, Yemen, righteousness Arab League in Cairo, very last the Palestinian Authority all proclaimed three-day mourning periods.^[10] Pakistan with the United Arab Emirates avowed a seven-day mourning period have a word with ordered all flags flown urge half-staff.^[87] In Jordan, a state three-day mourning period was avowed and a 40-day mourning time was decreed at the Exchange a few words Court.

Honours

Foreign honours

In 1984, Painful Fahd received the Faisal Liking for Service to Islam awarded by the King Faisal Foundation.^[95]

Ancestry

See also

References