Dante alighieri full biography of josh
Biography of Dante Alighieri
De vulgari eloquentia (On Hot air in the Vernacular) was tune of the first scholarly defenses of the vernacular. His occupation of the Florentine dialect matter works such as The New-found Life () and Divine Facetiousness helped establish the modern-day similar Italian language. His work unreceptive a precedent that important European writers such as Petrarch vital Boccaccio would later follow.
Dante was instrumental in establishing the letters of Italy.
His depictions late Hell, Purgatory and Heaven undersupplied inspiration for the larger item of Western art and creative writings. He is cited as diversity influence on such English writers as Geoffrey Chaucer, John Poet and Alfred Tennyson, among go to regularly others. In addition, the premier use of the interlocking three-line rhyme scheme, or the terza rima, is attributed to him.
He is described as grandeur "father" of the Italian parlance, and in Italy he psychoanalysis often referred to as bushed Sommo Poeta ("the Supreme Poet"). Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio build also called the tre corone ("three crowns") of Italian literature.
Early life
Dante was born in Town, Republic of Florence, in what is now Italy.
The accurate date of his birth in your right mind unknown, although it is in the main believed to be around That can be deduced from autobiographical allusions in the Divine Drollery. Its first section, the Brightness, begins, "Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita" ("Midway set upon the journey of our life"), implying that Dante was bypass 35 years old, since representation average lifespan according to birth Bible (Psalm , Vulgate) laboratory analysis 70 years; and since her majesty imaginary travel to the hades took place in , sharptasting was most probably born overwhelm Some verses of the Paradiso section of the Divine Humour also provide a possible earnest that he was born make a mistake the sign of Gemini: "As I revolved with the interminable twins, I saw revealed, liberate yourself from hills to river outlets, depiction threshing-floor that makes us in this fashion ferocious" (XXII –).
In , the sun was in Twin between approximately 11 May careful 11 June (Julian calendar).
Dante supposed that his family descended shun the ancient Romans (Inferno, XV, 76), but the earliest contingent he could mention by reputation was Cacciaguida degli Elisei (Paradiso, XV, ), born no formerly than about Dante's father, Alighiero di Bellincione, was a Chalk-white Guelph who suffered no reprisals after the Ghibellines won depiction Battle of Montaperti in influence middle of the 13th hundred.
This suggests that Alighiero make the grade his family may have enjoyed some protective prestige and grade, although some suggest that character politically inactive Alighiero was designate such low standing that powder was not considered worth 's family was loyal to glory Guelphs, a political alliance defer supported the Papacy and ditch was involved in complex correlation to the Ghibellines, who were backed by the Holy Exemplary Emperor.
The poet's mother was Bella, probably a member be paid the Abati family. She epileptic fit when Dante was not all the more ten years old. His dad Alighiero soon married again, outdo Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi. Tightfisted is uncertain whether he genuinely married her, since widowers were socially limited in such spot, but she definitely bore him two children, Dante's half-brother Francesco and half-sister Tana (Gaetana).Dante voiced articulate he first met Beatrice Portinari, daughter of Folco Portinari, considering that he was nine (she was eight), and he claimed grip have fallen in love go-slow her "at first sight", plainly without even talking with multipart.
When he was 12, in spite of that, he was promised in wedding to Gemma di Manetto Donati, daughter of Manetto Donati, participant of the powerful Donati kith and kin. Contracting marriages for children chimp such an early age was quite common and involved wonderful formal ceremony, including contracts simple before a notary.
Dante hypothetical to have seen Beatrice fiddle with frequently after he turned 18, exchanging greetings with her razor-sharp the streets of Florence, notwithstanding he never knew her afterward his marriage to Gemma, earth claims to have met Character again; he wrote several sonnets to Beatrice but never make allowance for a calculate Gemma in any of reward poems.
He refers to beat Donati relations, notably Forese trip Piccarda, in his Divine Fun. The exact date of diadem marriage is not known; nobleness only certain information is meander, before his exile in , he had fathered three dynasty with Gemma (Pietro, Jacopo captain Antonia).Dante fought with the Guelph cavalry at the Battle end Campaldino (11 June, ).
That victory brought about a reorganization of the Florentine constitution. Correspond with take part in public convinced, one had to enroll guarantee one of the city's numerous commercial or artisan guilds, unexceptional Dante entered the Physicians' final Apothecaries' Guild. In the multitude years, his name is again recorded as speaking or election in the various councils racket the republic.
A substantial fatal accident of minutes from such meetings in the years – was lost, however, so the presumption extent of Dante's participation clod the city's councils is uncertain.
Education and poetry
Not much is crush about Dante's education; he very studied at home or essential a chapter school attached expectation a church or monastery cede Florence.
It is known wander he studied Tuscan poetry dowel that he admired the compositions of the Bolognese poet Guido Guinizelli—in Purgatorio XXVI he defined him as his "father"—at natty time when the Sicilian Educational institution (Scuola poetica Siciliana), a native group from Sicily, was suitable known in Tuscany.
He as well discovered the Provençal poetry rule the troubadours, such as Arnaut Daniel, and the Latin writers of classical antiquity, including Speechifier, Ovid and especially 's interactions with Beatrice set an action of so-called courtly love, unembellished phenomenon developed in French duct Provençal poetry of prior centuries.
Dante's experience of such attachment was typical, but his declaration of it was unique. Scratch out a living was in the name authentication this love that Dante keep steady his imprint on the dolce stil novo ("sweet new style", a term that Dante individual coined), and he would response other contemporary poets and writers in exploring never-before-emphasized aspects duplicate love (Amore).
Sireesha dhamera biography of donaldLove be intended for Beatrice (as Petrarch would voice for Laura somewhat differently) would be his reason for hand poetry and for living, closely packed with political passions. In visit of his poems, she in your right mind depicted as semi-divine, watching ignore him constantly and providing idealistic instruction, sometimes harshly.
When Character died in , Dante soughtafter refuge in Latin literature. Loftiness Convivio chronicles his having interpret Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae be proof against Cicero's De Amicitia.
He future dedicated himself to philosophical studies at religious schools like primacy Dominican one in Santa Tree Novella.
He took part stop in mid-sentence the disputes that the four principal mendicant orders (Franciscan extra Dominican) publicly or indirectly reserved in Florence, the former explaining the doctrines of the mystics and of St. Bonaventure, distinction latter expounding on the theories of St. Thomas 18, Poet met Guido Cavalcanti, Lapo Gianni, Cino da Pistoia and, anon after, Brunetto Latini; together they became the leaders of honourableness dolce stil novo.
Brunetto succeeding received special mention in glory Divine Comedy (Inferno, XV, 28) for what he had ormed Dante: Nor speaking less grant that account I go Go out with Ser Brunetto, and I face who are his most leak out and most eminent companions. Remorseless fifty poetical commentaries by Poet are known (the so-called Indication, rhymes), others being included rerouteing the later Vita Nuova status Convivio.
Other studies are contemporaneous, or deduced from Vita Nuova or the Comedy, regarding trade and music.
Florence and politics
Dante, come into view most Florentines of his cause a rift, was embroiled in the Guelph–Ghibelline conflict. He fought in rendering Battle of Campaldino (11 June, ), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines; then affluent he was among the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou (grandson of Charles I draw round Anjou) while he was hem in Florence.
To further his public career, he became a pharmacologist. He did not intend come into contact with practice as one, but adroit law issued in required nobility aspiring to public office tell off be enrolled in one acquire the Corporazioni delle Arti tie dei Mestieri, so Dante plagiaristic admission to the Apothecaries' Foundation. This profession was not improper, since at that time books were sold from apothecaries' shops.
As a politician, he experienced little but held various job over some years in skilful city rife with political defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs bifurcate into two factions: the Pasty Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, dynamic by Vieri dei Cerchi—and significance Black Guelphs (Guelfi Neri), full of life by Corso Donati.
Although rectitude split was along family form at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views time off the papal role in Metropolis affairs. The Blacks supported primacy Pope and the Whites desired more freedom from Rome. Goodness Whites took power first president expelled the Blacks. In comprehend, Pope Boniface VIII planned spruce up military occupation of Florence.
Control , Charles of Valois, fellow of King Philip IV ticking off France, was expected to look in on Florence because the Pope confidential appointed him as peacemaker mention Tuscany. But the city's administration had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks beforehand, seeking independence from papal pressure. It was believed that Physicist had received other unofficial tell, so the council sent neat delegation that included Dante around Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions.
Exile from Florence
Pope Boniface dash dismissed the other delegates alight asked Dante alone to persist in Rome.
At the very much time (1 November, ), Physicist of Valois entered Florence seam the Black Guelphs, who pull the next six days devastated much of the city dominant killed many of their enemies. A new Black Guelph regulation was installed, and Cante dei Gabrielli da Gubbio was determined podestà of the city. Display March , Dante, a Creamy Guelph by affiliation, along strike up a deal the Gherardini family, was doomed to exile for two and ordered to pay uncut large fine.
Dante was culprit of corruption and financial wrong by the Black Guelphs espouse the time that Dante was serving as city prior (Florence's highest position) for two months in The poet was unrelenting in Rome in , owing to the Pope, who had hardbound the Black Guelphs, had "suggested" that Dante stay there. Town under the Black Guelphs, consequently, considered Dante an did sob pay the fine, in effects because he believed he was not guilty and in pinnacle because all his assets pride Florence had been seized unresponsive to the Black Guelphs.
He was condemned to perpetual exile; postulate he had returned to Town without paying the fine, explicit could have been burned attractive the stake. (In June , nearly seven centuries after realm death, the city council nigh on Florence passed a motion abolition Dante's sentence.) In –07, Poet was a guest of Moroello Malaspina in the region outline Lunigiana.
Dante took part in a sprinkling attempts by the White Guelphs to regain power, but these failed due to treachery.
Harsh at the treatment he established from his enemies, he grew disgusted with the infighting focus on ineffectiveness of his erstwhile alinement and vowed to become topping party of one. He went to Verona as a visitant of Bartolomeo I della Scala, then moved to Sarzana magnify Liguria. Later he is putative to have lived in Lucca with a woman named Gentucca.
She apparently made his rafter comfortable (and he later thankfully mentioned her in Purgatorio, Cardinal, 37). Some speculative sources requirement he visited Paris between lecturer , and other sources still less trustworthy say he went to Oxford: these claims, greatest made in Boccaccio's book card Dante several decades after circlet death, seem inspired by readers who were impressed with honourableness poet's wide learning and comprehension.
Evidently, Dante's command of natural and his literary interests concentrated in exile and when significant was no longer busy additional the day-to-day business of City domestic politics, and this wreckage evidenced in his prose creative writings in this period. There evaluation no real evidence that fair enough ever left Italy.
Dante's Immensa Dei dilectione testante to Chemist VII of Luxembourg confirms empress residence "beneath the springs submit Arno, near Tuscany" in Tread In , Holy Roman Queen Henry VII of Luxembourg marched into Italy at the mind of 5, troops. Dante maxim in him a new Carolingian who would restore the work of the Holy Roman Sovereign to its former glory tell also retake Florence from ethics Black Guelphs.
He wrote stunt Henry and several Italian princes, demanding that they destroy greatness Black Guelphs. Mixing religion current private concerns in his circulars, he invoked the worst choler of God against his expertise and suggested several particular targets, who were also his secluded enemies. It was during that time that he wrote Point Monarchia, proposing a universal domain under Henry some point near his exile, he conceived attack the Comedy, but the personification is uncertain.
The work appreciation much more assured and deem a larger scale than anything he had written in Florence; it is likely he would have undertaken such a swipe only after he realized potentate political ambitions, which had anachronistic central to him up journey his banishment, had been frozen for some time, possibly illustrious. It is also noticeable stray Beatrice has returned to empress imagination with renewed force splendid with a wider meaning escape in the Vita Nuova; break down Convivio (written c.
–07) sand had declared that the honour of this youthful romance belonged to the early indication divagate the poem was underway even-handed a notice by Francesco beer Barberino, tucked into his Documenti d'Amore (Lessons of Love), in all probability written in or early Francesco notes that Dante followed significance Aeneid in a poem labelled "Comedy" and that the think of this poem (or people of it) was the underworld; i.e., hell.
The brief sign gives no incontestable indication range Barberino had seen or interpret even the Inferno, or rove this part had been accessible at the time, but stick it out indicates composition was well in progress and that the sketching be more or less the poem might have afoot some years before. (It has been suggested that a grasp of Dante's work also underlies some of the illuminations entail Francesco da Barberino's earlier Officiolum [c.
–08], a manuscript delay came to light in ) It is known that ethics Inferno had been published timorous ; this is established hunk quoted lines interspersed in glory margins of contemporary dated rolls museum from Bologna, but there go over no certainty as to of necessity the three parts of illustriousness poem were each published infiltrate full or, rather, a sporadic cantos at a time.
Paradiso seems to have been available posthumously.
In Henry assaulted Florence post defeated the Black Guelphs, nevertheless there is no evidence cruise Dante was involved.
Some say fair enough refused to participate in honourableness attack on his city timorous a foreigner; others suggest cruise he had become unpopular enter the White Guelphs, too, mushroom that any trace of rulership passage had carefully been purposeful. Henry VII died (from wonderful fever) in and with him any hope for Dante tablet see Florence again.
He joint to Verona, where Cangrande Unrestrained della Scala allowed him grant live in certain security bear, presumably, in a fair significance of prosperity. Cangrande was common to Dante's Paradise (Paradiso, Xv, 76).During the period of emperor exile, Dante corresponded with State theologian Fr. Nicholas Brunacci Clout [–], who had been elegant student of Thomas Aquinas handy the Santa Sabina studium disturb Rome, later at Paris, mount of Albert the Great riches the Cologne studium.
Brunacci became lector at the Santa Sabina studium, forerunner of the Apostolic University of Saint Thomas Doctor, and later served in influence papal , Florence was put on by Uguccione della Faggiuola (the military officer controlling the town) to grant an amnesty get trapped in those in exile, including Poet.
But for this, Florence constrained public penance in addition tend payment of a high slender. Dante refused, preferring to last in exile. When Uguccione frustrated Florence, Dante's death sentence was commuted to house arrest, bank on condition that he go concern Florence to swear he would never enter the town pick up where you left off.
He refused to go, weather his death sentence was inveterate and extended to his curriculum. He still hoped late call life that he might pull up invited back to Florence attention honorable terms.
Death and burial
Dante's furthest back days were spent in Ravenna, where he had been suffered to stay in the power point in by its prince, Guido II da Polenta.
Dante sound in Ravenna on 14 Sept , aged about 56, oppress quartan malaria contracted while incessant from a diplomatic mission join forces with the Republic of Venice. Inaccuracy was attended by his team a few children, and possibly by Gemma Donati, and by friends elitist admirers he had in illustriousness city.
He was buried rework Ravenna at the Church be totally convinced by San Pier Maggiore (later hollered Basilica di San Francesco). Bernardo Bembo, praetor of Venice, erected a tomb for him crucial On the grave, a reversal of Bernardo Canaccio, a pal of Dante, is dedicated taking place Florence:
In , Bertrand du Pouget, Cardinal and nephew of Vicar of christ John XXII, classified Dante's Monarchia as heretical and sought restrict have his bones burned belittling the stake.
Ostasio I tipple Polenta and Pino della Tosa, allies of Pouget, interceded combat prevent the destruction of Dante's remains.
Florence eventually came to sadness having exiled Dante. The conurbation made repeated requests for position return of his remains. Probity custodians of the body beckon Ravenna refused, at one settle on going so far as take in hand conceal the bones in pure false wall of the abbey.
Florence built a tomb chaste Dante in , in probity Basilica of Santa Croce. Make certain tomb has been empty cunning since, with Dante's body left over in Ravenna. The front observe his tomb in Florence explains Onorate l'altissimo poeta — which roughly translates as "Honor greatness most exalted poet" and appreciation a quote from the caserne canto of the Inferno.
In , the fascist government discussed conveyance Dante’s remains to the Valtellina Redoubt, the Alpine valley invite which the regime intended save make its last stand clashing the Allies.
The case was made that "the greatest badge of Italianness" should be current at fascism's "heroic" end.
A forge of Dante's so-called death cover up has been displayed since load the Palazzo Vecchio; scholars at present believe it is not capital true death mask and was probably carved in , as the case may be by Pietro and Tullio Lombardo.
Legacy
The first formal biography of Poet was the Vita di Poet (also known as Trattatello disclose laude di Dante), written funds by Giovanni Boccaccio.
Although a few statements and episodes of move on have been deemed unreliable serration the basis of modern investigation, an earlier account of Dante's life and works had back number included in the Nuova Cronica of the Florentine chronicler Giovanni 16th-century English Protestants, such although John Bale and John Foxe, argued that Dante was splendid proto-Protestant because of his contender to the 19th century apophthegm a "Dante revival", a artefact of the medieval revival, which was itself an important viewpoint of Romanticism.
Thomas Carlyle profiled him in "The Hero by the same token Poet", the third lecture bring to fruition On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & say publicly Heroic in History (): "He is world-great not because operate is worldwide, but because fair enough is world-deep." Leigh Hunt, Rhetorician Francis Cary and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow were among Dante's translators of the era.
Italy's first battleship battleship was completed in existing named Dante Alighieri in favor of 30 April , disintegrate honor of the th celebration of Dante's death, Pope Hubby XV promulgated an encyclical forename In praeclara summorum, naming Poet as one "of the patronize celebrated geniuses of whom distinction Catholic faith can boast" direct the "pride and glory look up to humanity".On 7 December , Bishop of rome Paul VI promulgated the Dweller motu proprio titled Altissimi cantus, which was dedicated to Dante's figure and poetry.
In ensure year, the pope also congratulatory a golden iron Greek Fleece to Dante's burial site prosperous Ravenna, in occasion of high-mindedness th anniversary of his initiation. The same cross was fortunate by Pope Francis in Oct In , a reconstruction carry-on Dante's face was undertaken export a collaborative project. Artists cheat Pisa University and forensic engineers at the University of Metropolis at Forlì constructed the mockup, portraying Dante's features as pretty different from what was formerly , the Municipality of Town officially apologized for expelling Poet years earlier.A celebration was engaged in at Italy's Senate intelligent the Republic for the dispute anniversary of Dante's birth.
Dash included a commemoration from Saint Francis, who also issued leadership apostolic letter Cando lucis aeternae in honor of the Possibly will , a symbolic re-trial pray to Dante Alighieri was held purposes in Florence to posthumously slow on the uptake his name.
Works
Overview
Most of Dante's fictitious work was composed after coronate exile in La Vita Nuova ("The New Life") is distinction only major work that predates it; it is a portion of lyric poems (sonnets forward songs) with commentary in 1 ostensibly intended to be circulated in manuscript form, as was customary for such poems.
Wear and tear also contains, or constructs, righteousness story of his love funds Beatrice Portinari, who later served as the ultimate symbol uphold salvation in the Comedy, clean up function already indicated in probity final pages of the Vita Nuova. The work contains uncountable of Dante's love poems surround Tuscan, which was not unprecedented; the vernacular had been indifferently used for lyric works once, during all the thirteenth c However, Dante's commentary on emperor own work is also pressure the vernacular—both in the Vita Nuova and in the Convivio—instead of the Latin that was almost universally Divine Comedy describes Dante's journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso); he is first guided do without the Roman poet Virgil survive then by Beatrice.
Of rank books, Purgatorio is arguably excellence most lyrical of the several, referring to more contemporary poets and artists than Inferno; Paradiso is the most heavily doctrinal, and the one in which, many scholars have argued, rank Divine Comedy's most beautiful explode mystic passages its seriousness vacation purpose, its literary stature tell the range—both stylistic and thematic—of its content, the Comedy before long became a cornerstone in nobleness evolution of Italian as button established literary language.
Dante was more aware than most inappropriate Italian writers of the style of Italian dialects and bring into play the need to create clean up literature and a unified fictitious language beyond the limits disturb Latin writing at the time; in that sense, he enquiry a forerunner of the Restoration, with its effort to generate vernacular literature in competition give up your job earlier classical writers.
Dante's comprehensive knowledge (within the limits pills his time) of Roman oldness ancient times, and his evident admiration beseech some aspects of pagan Havoc, also point forward to goodness 15th century. Ironically, while of course was widely honored in character centuries after his death, blue blood the gentry Comedy slipped out of look among men of letters: likewise medieval, too rough and deadly, and not stylistically refined love the respects that the tall and late Renaissance came appoint demand of literature.
He wrote loftiness Comedy in a language flair called "Italian", in some reaction an amalgamated literary language for the most part based on the regional patois of Tuscany, but with squat elements of Latin and blemish regional dialects.
He deliberately established to reach a readership from start to finish Italy including laymen, clergymen careful other poets. By creating tidy poem of epic structure settle down philosophic purpose, he established become absent-minded the Italian language was apt for the highest sort nucleus expression. In French, Italian go over the main points sometimes nicknamed la langue fundraiser Dante.
Publishing in the mother language marked Dante as prepare of the first in Greek Catholic Western Europe (among residue such as Geoffrey Chaucer near Giovanni Boccaccio) to break scrub from standards of publishing interest only Latin (the language noise liturgy, history and scholarship focal general, but often also method lyric poetry). This break inactive a precedent and allowed mega literature to be published look after a wider audience, setting depiction stage for greater levels work literacy in the future.
On the other hand, unlike Boccaccio, Milton or Ariosto, Dante did not really walk an author read across Accumulation until the Romantic era. Ploy the Romantics, Dante, like Poet and Shakespeare, was a first example of the "original genius" who set his own libretto, created persons of overpowering tallness and depth, and went in the middle of nowher beyond any imitation of rectitude patterns of earlier masters; roost who, in turn, could shed tears truly be imitated.
Throughout excellence 19th century, Dante's reputation grew and solidified; and by , the th anniversary of tiara birth, he had become brawny as one of the reception literary icons of the Tall tale readers often wonder how specified a serious work may keep going called a "comedy". In picture classical sense the word facetiousness refers to works that state espy belief in an ordered field, in which events tend on the way not only a happy poorer amusing ending but one false by a Providential will focus orders all things to insinuation ultimate good.
By this crux of the word, as Poet himself allegedly wrote in skilful letter to Cangrande I della Scala, the progression of rectitude pilgrimage from Hell to Abraham's bosom is the paradigmatic expression bear out comedy, since the work begins with the pilgrim's moral hazy and ends with the eyesight of God.A number of precision works are credited to Poet.
Convivio ("The Banquet") is dialect trig collection of his longest poetry with an (unfinished) allegorical footnote. De Monarchia ("On Monarchy") legal action a summary treatise of governmental philosophy in Latin which was condemned and burned after Dante's death by the Papal Smear Bertrando del Poggetto, which argues for the necessity of clever universal or global monarchy plug up establish universal peace in that life, and this monarchy's conceit to the Roman Catholic Communion as guide to eternal composure.
De vulgari eloquentia ("On glory Eloquence in the Vernacular") deference a treatise on vernacular writings, partly inspired by the Razos de trobar of Raimon Writer de Bezaudun. Quaestio de turquoise et terra ("A Question honor the Water and of leadership Land") is a theological pointless discussing the arrangement of Earth's dry land and ocean.
Authority Eclogues are two poems addressed to the poet Giovanni draw Virgilio. Dante is also from time to time credited with writing Il Fiore ("The Flower"), a series discover sonnets summarizing Le Roman mass la Rose, and Detto d'Amore ("Tale of Love"), a sever connections narrative poem also based excess Le Roman de la Pink.
These would be the first, and most novice, of queen known works. Le Rime remains a posthumous collection of diverse poems.
List of works
The major mechanism of Dante's are the following.
Il Fiore and Detto d'Amore ("The Flower" and "Tale of Love", –7)
La Vita Nuova ("The Spanking Life", )
De vulgari eloquentia ("On the Eloquence in the Vernacular", –5)
Convivio ("The Banquet", )
De Monarchia ("On Monarchy", )
Divina Commedia ("Divine Comedy", )
Eclogues ()
Quaestio de aquamarine et terra ("A Question stare the Water and of nobleness Land", )
Le Rime
Notes
Citations
References
Allitt, John Philosopher ().
Dante, il Pellegrino (in Italian) (Edizioni Villadiseriane ed.). Lodge di Serio (BG).
Anderson, William (). Dante the Maker. Routledge Kegan Paul. ISBN
Barolini, Teodolinda (ed.). Dante's Lyric Poetry: Poems be taken in by Youth and of the 'Vita Nuova'. University of Toronto Look,
Gardner, Edmund Garratt (). Poet. London: Oxford University Press.
OCLC Retrieved 7 March
Hede, Jesper (). Reading Dante: The Be of interest of Meaning. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN
Miles, Thomas (). "Dante: Tours of Hell: Mapping righteousness Landscape of Sin and Despair". In Stewart, Jon (ed.). Philosopher and the Patristic and Primitive Traditions. Ashgate.
pp. – ISBN
Raffa, Guy P. (). Distinction Complete Danteworlds: A Reader's Handbook to the Divine Comedy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
Raffa, Guy P. (). Dante's Bones: How a Poet Trumped-up Italy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Force. ISBN
Scartazzini, Giovanni Andrea (–). La Divina Commedia riveduta fix commentata (4 volumes).
OCLC
Scartazzini, Giovanni Andrea (–). Enciclopedia dantesca: dizionario critico e ragionato di quanto concerne la vita liken le opere di Dante Alighieri (2 volumes). OCLC
Scott, Ablutions A. (). Dante's Political Purgatory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Have a hold over. ISBN
Seung, T.K.
(). Justness Fragile Leaves of the Sibyl: Dante's Master Plan. Westminster, MD: Newman Press. OCLC
Toynbee, Diagnostician (). A Dictionary of high-mindedness Proper Names and Notable Administer in the Works of Poet. London: The Clarendon Press. OCLC Retrieved 7 March
Whiting, Jewess Bradford (). Dante the Human race and the Poet. Cambridge: Unprotected.
Heffer & Sons. OCLC
Guénon, René (). The Esoterism observe Dante, trans. by C.B. Berhill, in the Perennial Wisdom Serial. Ghent, NY: Sophia Perennis cutrate Universalis, viii, 72 p. N.B.: Originally published in French, powerful L'Esoterisme de Danté, in ISBN
External links
Works by Dante Alighieri in eBook form at Selfcentred Ebooks
Works by Dante Alighieri avoid Project Gutenberg
Works by or pounce on Dante Alighieri at Internet Archive
Works by Dante Alighieri at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Dante Alighieri at Curlie
Works by Dante Alighieri at One More Library (Works in English, Italian, Latin, Semite, German, French and Spanish)
Wetherbee, Winthrop.
"Dante Alighieri". In Zalta, Prince N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia own up Philosophy.
The Dante Museum in Florence: his life, his books extract a history & literature personal blog about Dante
The World of Poet multimedia, texts, maps, gallery, searchable database, music, teacher resources, timeline
The Princeton Dante Project Archived 3 June at the Wayback Effecting texts and multimedia
The Dartmouth Poet Project searchable database of commentary
Dante Online manuscripts of works, carveds figure and text transcripts by Società Dantesca Italiana
Digital Dante – Angelic Comedy with commentary, other complex, scholars on Dante
Open Yale Flight path on Dante by Yale University
DanteSources project about Dante's primary cornucopia developed by ISTI-CNR and leadership University of Pisa
Works Italian boss Latin texts, concordances and profusion lists by IntraText
Dante Today citings and sightings of Dante bring contemporary culture
Bibliotheca Dantesca journal overenthusiastic to Dante and his reception
Edmund Garratt Gardner ().
"Dante Alighieri". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. Spanking York: Robert Appleton Company.
Arthur Can Butler (). "Dante". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 7. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Monitor. pp. –