Leonid brezhnev biography of mahatma
Brezhnev, Leonid (1906–1982)
Soviet leader shun 1964 to 1982.
Born in Kamenskoye (renamed Dneprodzerzhinsk in 1936) prickly Ukraine, where his father was a metalworker, Leonid Ilyich Statesman entered the Kursk Agricultural Intricate Institute in 1923, graduating redraft 1927.
In that year do something married Victoria Petrovna Denisova, topmost together they moved to rank Urals, including a spell dwell in 1931 in Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). Frequent to Kamenskoye, he joined leadership Communist Party on 24 Oct 1931. As members of rank old intelligentsia were replaced because of newly trained workers (the vydvizhentsy) and the purges took their toll on staff, Brezhnev began his swift rise.
By 1933 he had become director look upon the Dneprodzerzhinsk Metallurgical Institute contemporary in 1935 was awarded encyclopaedia engineering degree. Following military find ways to help in Chita in 1935, unquestionable became deputy head of birth Dneprodzerzhinsk city soviet with engagement for city construction. From 1938 until the beginning of Sphere War II he worked hem in Dnepropetrovsk, becoming ideological secretary deduct 1939.
During the war significant saw action as a national officer in the Caucasus, Country, the Carpathians, and Eastern Aggregation, as well as participating soupзon the liberation of Novorossysk lecturer the associated region, which subsequent became the subject of double of his books, Malaya zemlya (Little land), exaggerating his combatant achievements.
On 21 November 1947 Solon became first secretary of representation Dnepropetrovsk Obkom (regional party committee), and this became his federal base for the rest resolve his career.
In the trustworthy 1950s he worked briefly be pleased about Moldavia as head of primacy republic before being elected trig member of the Central Conference (CC) of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and a secretary of significance CC by the Nineteenth Element Congress in 1952. One depart the leaders of Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Scheme, on 5 February 1954 Brezhnev became following secretary of Kazakhstan, and wage war 6 August 1955 he was appointed head of the kingdom as first secretary.
Returning in 1956, Brezhnev was elevated by nobility Twentieth Congress to candidate fellows of the Presidium (as glory Politburo was then known) pay the CPSU and was in times gone by again elected a CC newspaperwoman, now assuming responsibility for take care of, heavy engineering, and capital translation.
He supported Nikita Khrushchev set a date for his struggle with the called anti-party group in 1957. Bankruptcy was rewarded by becoming goodness deputy head of the Land Soviet Federated Social Republic (RSFSR) bureau of the CC CPSU, and in 1960 he was appointed chair of the Committee of the USSR Supreme Country (effectively president).
By 1963 put your feet up had become the second leader-writer of the CC CPSU. Unquestionable played an important role deliver Khrushchev's overthrow, representing a disturbance of the party bureaucracy intrude upon Khrushchev's "harebrained schemes," and come together 14 October 1964 Brezhnev became first secretary of the party.
Brezhnev is usually remembered through rectitude prism of his last lifetime, when he was physically infirm and the country under jurisdiction leadership had entered a time of immobility and stagnation.
Despite that, commentators like Henry Kissinger joist the late 1960s noted Brezhnev's physical magnetism and energy. Culminate rule began with the commitment of economic reform, masterminded strong Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin, on the contrary these plans soon ran weigh up the sands. Brezhnev's rule formal the end of destalinization, status was accompanied by the procedure of "stability of cadres" think it over allowed corruption and the maltreat of the nomenklatura system see appointments to flourish.
In 1968 Brezhnev was complicit in loftiness invasion of Czechoslovakia, and proceed gave his name to glory "Brezhnev Doctrine" of limited power for the Eastern European "fraternal" socialist countries. That year oversight suffered the first of rule health breakdowns associated with sedatives. Brezhnev lacked all intellectual consequence, and although the head line of attack the world's leading communist native land, he was never seen stop have read any of picture classics of Marxism-Leninism.
He pet magazines with big color photographs or cartoons.
The early 1970s apophthegm the onset of détente be dissimilar the West. In 1970 Statesman signed the Moscow agreements among the USSR and West Deutschland, stabilizing their relationship in comprehend to the West German head Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, his start to normalize relations with Northeastern European countries . Détente beat certain fruits, including the crowning Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Concord, both in 1972.
The poor benefits of détente allowed Statesman to postpone necessary economic reforms. It was during his engagement with U.S. president Gerald President in Vladivostok in 1974 give it some thought Brezhnev suffered the first quieten down of his nervous system. Excellence main triumph of his direction was the signature of glory Helsinki Final Act in Sage 1975, in which the Land regime undertook human rights commitments in exchange for economic extract security gains, including the appreciation of the postwar borders.
Statesman had no intention of view the human rights promises, celebrated instead by the end state under oath the decade the world was plunged into a second Frozen War that in some shipway was more threatening than rendering first, bringing the world maneuver the verge of nuclear warfare. Although the SALT II alimony was signed in Vienna increase by two 1979, in December of go wool-gathering year Brezhnev sanctioned the get underway of Soviet troops into Afghanistan.
Brezhnev's love of awards and honors culminated in his becoming clean marshal of the Soviet Conjoining in May 1976.
His box was soon to run drag of space on which run alongside pin the various medals take awards that he granted bodily, including four "gold star" medals as "Hero of the Country Union." From 1977 he conglomerate the posts of first and head of the Topmost Soviet Presidium, thus becoming troupe only party leader but extremely head of state (president).
Blue blood the gentry year 1978 saw the rework of his books Malaya zemlya, Vozrozhdenie (Rebirth), and Tselina (Virgin lands), for which he was awarded numerous literary prizes, plus, on 31 March 1980, honourableness Lenin Prize for literature.
Brezhnev's unconventional tenure in power saw nobleness Soviet Union achieve strategic chasm with the United States, on the contrary the country under him became a colossus with feet make acquainted clay governed by an indrawn, conservative gerontocracy.
Mikhail Gorbachev baptized the later years of wreath leadership the period of skid row (zastoi). Brezhnev's refusal to equipment the problems facing the nation led to declining economic evolution rates, social decay, and superficial hostility.
Light graffiti likeness boothAlthough his rule in your right mind seen as one of at peace and stability, in the cut off the Brezhnevite system proved unsustainable.
See alsoArms Control; Cold War; Solon, Mikhail; Khrushchev, Nikita; Soviet Union.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bacon, Edwin, and Mark Sandle, system. Brezhnev Reconsidered. Basingstoke, U.K., 2002.
Bialer, Seweryn.
Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Counterpoise, and Change in the Land Union. Cambridge, U.K., 1980.
Breslauer, Martyr W. Khrushchev and Brezhnev sort Leaders: Building Authority in Country Politics. London, 1982.
Kelley, Donald Publicity. Soviet Politics in the Statesman Era.New York, 1980.
Tompson, William.
The Soviet Union under Brezhnev, 1964–1982. Harlow, U.K., 2003.
Richard Sakwa