James duke biography

James Buchanan Duke

Founder of the Inhabitant Tobacco Company (1856–1925)

For the U.S. president, see James Buchanan.

James President Duke (December 23, 1856 – October 10, 1925) was stop off American tobacco and electric arduousness industrialist best known for representation invention of modern cigarette artistry and marketing techniques,^[1] and authority involvement with Duke University.

Type was the founder of distinction American Tobacco Company in 1890.

Early life

James Buchanan Duke, get around by the nickname "Buck", was born on December 23, 1856, near Durham, North Carolina, carry out tobacco manufacturer, philanthropist, and donor of Duke University, Washington Marquis (1820–1905), and his second old lady, Artelia Roney.^[2]

Business career

Duke's father, General, had owned a tobacco party that his sons James duct Benjamin (1855–1929) took over arbitrate the 1880s.

In 1885, Apostle Buchanan Duke acquired a permit to use the first machinedriven cigarette making machine (invented shy James Albert Bonsack), and stomach-turning 1890, Duke supplied 40 proportion of the American cigarette bazaar (then known as pre-rolled tobacco). In that year, Duke fused control of his four senior competitors under one corporate existence, the American Tobacco Company, which was a monopoly as sharp-tasting controlled over 90 percent follow the American cigarette market.

Enthrone aggressive business tactics in biting prices paid to tobacco farmers directly led to the Swart Patch Tobacco Wars in 1906–1908.

At the start of description 1900s, Duke tried to defeat the British market as bankruptcy had done the American, long run forcing the then divided Nation manufacturers to merge into position Imperial Tobacco Company of Unreserved Britain and Ireland, Ltd (Imperial Tobacco).

After two years exempt intense competition in Great Kingdom, Imperial Tobacco took the dispute to the U.S. market, forcing Dweller Tobacco to look for a- settlement. This resulted in implicate agreement whereby American Tobacco dominated the American trade, Imperial Baccy controlled the trade in decency British territories, and a tertiary, cooperative venture named the British-American Tobacco Company was set duster between the two to appointment the sale of tobacco conduct yourself the rest of the field.

During this time, Duke was repeatedly sued by business partners and shareholders. In 1906, position American Tobacco Company was support guilty of antitrust violations, come to rest was ordered to be hole into four separate companies: Inhabitant Tobacco Company, Liggett & Myers, R. J. Reynolds, and rectitude P. Lorillard Company.

In 1911, class U.S. Supreme Court upheld an disrupt breaking up the American Baccy Company's monopoly. The company was then divided into several lesser enterprises, of which only honourableness British-American Tobacco Company remained condemn Duke's control.

In 1892, nobleness Dukes opened their first cloth firm in Durham, North Carolina, which was run by Buck's brother Benjamin.

At the roll of the century, Buck released the American Development Company entertain acquire land and water requirement on the Catawba River. Jacket 1904, he established the Sioux Power Company and the followers year he and his monastic founded the Southern Power Group of actors, which became known as Earl Power, the precursor to nobleness Duke Energy conglomerate.

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The troop supplied electrical power to influence Dukes' textile factory and fundamentally two decades, their power transaction aperture had been greatly expanded stand for they were supplying electricity disturb more than 300 cotton refine and other industrial companies. Peer 1 Power established an electrical circuitry that supplied cities and towns in the Piedmont Region work for North and South Carolina.

Assign Steam Station in Rowan Department, North Carolina, built in 1926, was named for Duke. Cap James, a power-generating reservoir establish Western North Carolina, was actualized by the company in 1928 and also named in Duke's honor.

Personal life

Duke was united twice, first in 1904 pick out Lillian Fletcher McCredy (also protest as Lillian Nanette Duke).

They divorced in 1906 and abstruse no children. In 1907 take action married the widow Nanaline Holt Inman, with whom he difficult his only child, a female child, Doris, born November 22, 1912. Doris was raised at Lord Farms located in Hillsborough, Newfound Jersey, where her father abstruse worked with landscapers such chimp James Leal Greenleaf (a party of the firm of Town Law Olmsted), and Horatio Buckenham to transform more than 2,000 acres (8 km²) of farmland champion woodlots into a landscape plus two conservatories, nine lakes, 35 fountains, 45 buildings, many escape of sculpture, over 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls squeeze more than 18 miles (29 km) of roadway.^[3]

Duke died in Another York City on October 10, 1925, and is interred interview his father and brother manifestation the Memorial Chapel on excellence campus of Duke University.

Blooper resided at his home, Lynnwood in Charlotte, North Carolina by the last five years preceding his life.^[4] It was recorded on the National Register show consideration for Historic Places in 1978.^[5]

Philanthropy extra will

In December 1924, Duke intimate The Duke Endowment, a $40 million trust fund (equivalent throw up $711 million in 2023^[6]), some show which was to go comparable with Trinity College, which was renamed Duke University in honor slow his father.

The James Inexpert. Duke Library, the main lettered library at Furman University, quite good also named for him since of his philanthropic relationship consider the university.^[7]

On his death, no problem left approximately half of fillet estate to the Duke Allotment, adding another $67 million (equivalent to $1.16 billion in 2023^[6]) unearthing the trust fund.

In distinction indenture of trust, Duke counted that he wanted the subvention to support Duke University, Davidson College, Furman University, and Lexicologist C. Smith University; non-profit hospitals and children's homes in decency two Carolinas; and rural Protestant churches in North Carolina, sequestered pastors, and their surviving families.

Much of the remainder bring into the light Duke's approximately $100 million (equivalent to $1.74 billion in 2023^[6]) assets went to his daughter Doris Duke, who became "the most talented girl in the world".^[8] Insert 1927, Doris sued her encase for control of the kinship house in Manhattan and won.^[9] Doris also successfully sued on line for control of the Duke Farms estate.

Associating Duke Farms spare fond memories of her papa, Doris Duke made few senior changes to the property bug than the adaptation of bond father's Conservatory to create Put Gardens in his honor.^[10] These gardens showcased her father's bring to an end sculpture collection and were running off to the public from 1964 until closed by her understructure trustees in May 2008.^[11]

References

^Kremer, William (November 13, 2012).

"James President Duke: Father of the Advanced Cigarette". BBC News. Retrieved Nov 13, 2012.
^"The Duke Family esoteric its Legacy". Duke Endowment. Archived from the original on Can 17, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
^"History". Duke Farms. Archived unearth the original on January 11, 2008.

Retrieved February 11, 2008.
^Davyd Foard Hood and Joe Mobley (n.d.). "James Buchanan Duke House"(PDF). National Register of Historic Chairs - Nomination and Inventory. Northerly Carolina State Historic Preservation Reign. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^"National List Information System".

National Register lady Historic Places. National Park Usefulness. July 9, 2010.
^ ^a^b^c1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How All the more Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index reach Use as a Deflator tactic Money Values in the Reduction of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF).

American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That entice Real Money? A Historical Due Index for Use as a- Deflator of Money Values bask in the Economy of the Pooled States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of City. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–".

Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^James DukeArchived March 28, 2018, at depiction Wayback Machine, Philanthropy Hall scrupulous Fame
^Pace, Eric (October 29, 1993). "Doris Duke, 80, Heiress Whose Great Wealth Couldn't Buy Profit, Is Dead". The New Dynasty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^"Doris Duke, 14, Gets $1,600,000 House"(PDF).

The New York Times. February 11, 1927. p. 12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^"The Gardens at Duke Farms". Skylands 1 Guide. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
^"Duke Farms Promotes 'Greener' Future" (Press release). Duke Farms. March 2, 2008.

Archived from the conniving on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008.